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Key Points
- Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors all contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity
- The pathophysiology of obesity involves neuroendocrine factors that regulate both appetite and ener
Key Points
- Obesity has a genetic basis as well as environmental and behavioral origins
- Age contributes to a shift in balance between fat and muscle mass
- Various negative feedback loops contribu
Key Points
- Evaluation of patients for obesity should include a complete history and physical examination
- Body mass index (BMI) cutpoints vary with race and ethnicity
- Waist circumference
Key Points
- Clinical evaluation of obese patients should include a complete history and physical examination
- Comorbidities and obesity complications should also be assessed
- Treatment plans shoul
Key Points
- Obesity is increasing globally
- Rates of obesity have risen dramatically in the U.S.
Key Points
- Obesity is associated with higher risks of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D)
- Weight loss with lifestyle therapy, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery
- Reduces the risk of progr
Key Points
- Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk
- Weight loss by means of lifestyle therapy, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery positively affects cardiovascular risk markers
Key Points
- Numerous organ-specific and biomechanical complications accompany obesity
- Weight loss ameliorates all of these conditions
Key Points
- Depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and other psychological conditions frequently are associated with obesity
- Weight loss may positively affect the psychological complications of obesity.
Key Points
- Lifestyle interventions effectively prevent physical and metabolic complications of obesity
- Lifestyle alone is less effective in populations with more severe obesity
Key Points
- Weight-loss medications should be considered when obesity-related complications can be ameliorated by weight loss.
- Pharmacotherapy should always be combined with lifestyle therapy, never used
Key Points
- Older obesity pharmacotherapies are limited by tolerability and dependence issues and are approved only for short-term use (≤12 weeks).
- Newer weight loss agents are typically better tolerated,
Key Points
- Four weight-loss surgical options are available
- Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB)
- Laparscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)
- Biliopancreatic diversion with or witho
